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Hayreddin Barbarossa
Hayreddin Barbarossa, or Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha ((トルコ語:Barbaros Hayreddin (Hayrettin) Paşa) or ''Hızır Hayreddin (Hayrettin) Paşa''; also ''Hızır Reis'' before being promoted to the rank of Pasha and becoming the Kapudan Pasha), born Khizr or Khidr (Turkish: ''Hızır''; c. 1478 – 4 July 1546), was an Ottoman admiral of the fleet who was born in the island of Midilli (Lesbos) and died in Constantinople (Istanbul), the Ottoman capital. Barbarossa's naval victories secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean during the mid 16th century, from the Battle of Preveza in 1538 until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
''Hayreddin'' (Arabic: ''Khayr ad-Din'' خيرالدين, which literally means "goodness" or "best of the religion" of Islam) was an honorary name given to him by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. He became known as "Barbarossa" ("Redbeard" in Italian) in Europe, a name he inherited from his elder brother Oruç Reis after Oruç was killed in a battle with the Spanish in Algeria. Oruç was also known as "Baba Oruç", which sounded like "Barbarossa" (Italian for "Redbeard") to the Europeans, and since Oruç did have a red beard, the nickname stuck. In a process of linguistic reborrowing, the nickname then stuck back to Hayreddin's native Turkish name, in the form ''Barbaros''.
==Background==
Khizr was born around 1478 on the Ottoman island of Midilli (Lesbos), in the village Palaiokipos, to his father Yakup Ağa and to his mother Katerina.〔''...Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa (son of a Turkish sipahi (in the cavalry service )) from Yenice-i Vardar in Macedonia and a Greek woman from Lesbos/Mytilini)...'', Machiel Kiel, "The Smaller Aegean Island in the 16th-18th Centuries According to Ottoman Administrative Documents" in Siriol Davies, Jack L. Davis, ''Between Venice and Istanbul: Colonial Landscapes in Early Modern Greece'', ASCSA, 2007, ISBN 978-0-87661-540-9, p. 36.〕 His father was an Turk〔Cervantes y su mundo, Eva Reichenberger, page 134, 2005〕〔Encyclopædia Britannica, page 147, 1963〕〔Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world, H. T. Norris, page 201, 1993〕〔Piri Reis & Turkish mapmaking after Columbus: the Khalili Portolan atlas, Svatopluk Soucek, Muʾassasat Nūr al-Ḥusayn, page 11, 1996〕 of Albanian origin.〔''Born in Mytilene around 1466 to a, Hayreddin, then called Hizir.'', Niccolò Capponi, ''Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto'', Da Capo Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-306-81544-7, p. 30.〕〔''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol 1, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1972, p. 147.〕 His mother was a local Christian Greek woman from Mytilene, the widow of an Orthodox priest.〔''Hayreddin Barbarossa, who would rise to become the ruler of Algiers, and later admiral of the Ottoman fleet, was of Greek origin and got his start raiding the southern and western shores of Anatolia on behalf of Korkud, son of Bayezid...'', Virginia H. Aksan & Daniel Goffman, ''The early modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire'', Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-81764-6, p. 106.〕〔''Their father was former Muslim soldier, probably from a recent converted family of the European Provinces. Their mother is said to have been the widow of a Greek priest.'', Frank Ronald Charles Bagley et al., ''The Last Great Muslim Empires: History of the Muslim World'', Brill Academic Publishers, 1997, p. 114.〕〔Die Seeaktivitäten der muslimischen Beutefahrer als Bestandteil der staatlichen Flotte während der osmanischen Expansion im Mittelmeer im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, p.548, Andreas Rieger, Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1994〕 Yakup and Katerina were married〔 and had two daughters and four sons: Ishak, Oruç, Khizr and Ilyas. Yakup took part in the Ottoman conquest of Lesbos in 1462 from the Genoese Gattilusio dynasty (who held the hereditary title of Lord of Lesbos between 1355 and 1462) and as a reward, was granted the fief of the Bonova village in the island. He became an established potter and purchased a boat to trade his products. The four sons helped their father with his business, but not much is known about the daughters. At first Oruç helped with the boat, while Khizr helped with pottery.
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